Festuca of China and North America

Xiang Chen, S.G. Aiken, and M.J. Dallwitz

Character List

Nomenclature and Taxonomy

#1. <Place of valid publication and synonymy based on the type>/

#2. <Chinese name>/

#3. <General comments>/

#4. <Synonymy>/

#5. Type: <specimen>/

#6. <Subgenus of Festuca, or other genus>/
1. Subg. Drymathele Krecz.et Bobr/
2. Subg. Subulatae (Tzvelev) E. B. Alexeev, sect. Longiglumes S.L.Lu/
3. Subg. Subulatae (Tzvelev) E. B. Alexeev, sect. Obtusae E. B. Alexeev/
4. Subg. Subulatae (Tzvelev) E. B. Alexeev, Parviglumae S. Aiken & X.Chen sect. nov./
5. Subg. Subulatae (Tzvelev) E. B. Alexeev, sect. Subulatae Tzvelev/
6. Subg. Schedonorus (Beauv.) Peterm, sect. Bovinae (Fries ex Anderss.) Hack./
7. Subg. Schedonorus (Beauv.) Peterm, sect. Plantynia (Dum) Tzvel./
8. Subg. Leucopoa (Griseb.) Tzvel., sect. Breviaristatae Krivot./
9. Subg. Leucopoa (Griseb.) Tzvel., sect. Leucopoa/
10. Subg. Festuca L. sect. Aulaxyer/
11. Subg. Festuca L. sect. Festuca/
12. Lolium L./
13. Poa L./
14. Puccinellia Parl./
15. Vulpia L./

Habit

#7. Plants <sexuality>/
1. bisexual /
2. gynomonoecious/
3. gynodioecious/
4. dioecious/

BISEXUAL: with pistils and stamens in the same flower; hermaphrodictic;perfect.

GYNOMONOECIOUS: Having pistilate and perfect flowers on same plants.

GYNODIOECIOUS: Having pistilate and perfect flowers on separate plants.

DIOECIOUS: flowers imperfect, the staminate and pistillate flowers born on different plants.

#8. Plants <colour>/
1. yellowish green/
2. bluish gray green/
3. deep green/

Plant colour yellowish green refers to the lighter grass green colour common in pasture grasses. Deep green is seen after Poa lawn has been fed nitrogen and often in shade species. Bluish gray green refers to the typical glaucous colouring that results from a waxy surface. It is conspicuous in Festuca "glauca" of the turf trade, but common in several species.

#9. Plants <whether tiller bases are erect>/
1. stiffly erect/
2. softly erect <plants with little sclerenchyma>/
3. geniculately ascending/
4. strongly decumbent <touching ground at knees>/
5. prostrate <lying on ground>/

The character was originally to distinguish bunch grasses, but is useful in distinguishing some other taxa, e.g. erect F. brachyphylla from somewhat decumbent F. edlundiae.

#10. Plants <habit at base>/
1. solitary/
2. loosely tufted/
3. turf <or mat> forming/
4. densely tufted <cespitose: forming a single clump>/
5. pluricespitose <separate clumps linked by rhizomes>/

Densely tufted was originally intended to distinguish bunch grasses from other species, but it applies to Arctic caespitose species in subgenus Festuca. Species which are normally loosely tufted may appear densely tufted when growing in confined spaces.

#11. Plants clumped <degree of culm density>/
1. loosely/
2. moderately/
3. very tightly/

#12. Plants with <non-flowering shoots as a proportion of the simultaneously set shoots>/
1. non-flowering shoots more common than flowering shoots/
2. non-flowering shoots less common than flowering shoots/
3. non-flowering shoots rare or absent/

#13. Plants with leaves <position>/
1. mostly basal/
2. along the stems <few basal leaves>/

#14. Plants with tillering leaves <relative length>/
1. 1/4 to 1/3 the length of the culms/
2. over half the length of the culms/

TILLERING LEAVES: Leaves borne on vegetative only shoots or stems.

#15. Plants with bases <of plants, pigmentation>/
1. purplish/
2. not purplish /

This character was included to test its usefulness in distinguishing the rough "royal fescue" of Alberta, so called because of its deep purple sheaths. It has been found to be rather variable.

#16. Plants with prophylls <development>/
1. vestigial, or short and scale like, indistinctly keeled/
2. tubular, elongated, indistinctly keeled/
3. well developed, strongly keeled like a large palea, split on one side, elongated/

PROPHYLL: the first leaf of a lateral shoot. It is a leaf sheath with two pronounced veins. Sometimes subsequently produced sheaths without blades may be misinterpreted as prophylls. These may be recognized by having more than two pronounced veins.

#17. Plants with <secondary vegetative> shoots <position>/
1. intravaginal <arising from within existing sheaths>/
2. extravaginal <arising outside, by breaking through the base of existing sheaths>/

VEGATATIVE: the non-floral parts of a plant. See Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 1. State 1: Figs. 3–4. State 2: Figs. 1–2.

Rhizomes

#18. Rhizomes <presence>/
1. present <distinct>/
2. absent <or very short> /

RHIZOMES: horizontal, underground stems.

Species which normally have well developed rhizomes may not develop them when growing in rock crevices. Also, rhizomes may be absent from young plants, or specimens collected without sufficient root material.

#19. Rhizomes <length>/
1. long/
2. short/

#20. Rhizomes <width>/
mm in diameter/

Culms

#21. Culms <height>/
cm tall/

CULM: grass stem.

HEIGHT: measure from the base of the plant to the top of the inflorescence - to the end of the uppermost spikelet, if this is an issue.

#22. Culms <width>/
mm wide/

CULM: grass stem.

WIDTH: measure diameter. But where? This character is in the original descriptions but Susan would like to eliminate it. It is really hard to measure consistently.

Measure 10 cm above ground level or half way up small plant.

#23. Culms <base shape>/
1. decumbent/
2. geniculate/
3. spreading/
4. strict, erect/

DECUMBENT: reclining on the ground but with the tip ascending.

GENICULATE: with abrupt kneelike bends and joints.

SPREADING: at angle between 15–80 from the culm.

STRICT: at angle less than 15 from the culm.

ERECT: vertical, not declining or spreading.

LAX: loose; with parts open and spreading, not compact.

CLAMBERING: weakly climbing on other plants or surrounding objects.

#24. Culms internodes <surface vestiture below the inflorescence>/
1. glabrous/
2. scabrous/
3. pubescent/
4. villous/

INTERNODE: the region between nodes.

GLABROUS:smooth;hairless.

VILLOUS: bearing dense or moderately dense, long, soft, shaggy, but not matted hairs.

SCABROUS: rough to the touch because of small, bristly, prickle-hairs on the surface.

PUBESCENT: covered with short, soft hairs.

#25. Culms internodes <surface below the inflorescence>/
1. smooth/
2. ridged or striped /

SMOOTH: currently covers glabrous and without texture such as ridges. Is it desirable to spilt this character into two for the taxa involved i.e. contrasting it with striped?

RIDGED or STRIPED: Need to see the taxa involved to understand what it meant.

#26. Culms nodes <number visible>/

NODE: the area on a stem (culm) where one or more leaves are borne.

#27. Uppermost culms nodes <relative position>/
1. in lower 1/3 of the culm/
2. in mid 1/3 of the culm/
3. in upper 1/3 of the culm/

Butt sheaths

#28. Butt sheaths <base of basal leaf-sheaths; presence>/
1. present/
2. absent <basal sheaths evanescent or scale-like> /

BUTT SHEATHS: the lowest sheaths which accumulate at the base of the plant in tussocky perennials. They often have useful characters - papery, fibrous, hairy etc.

#29. Butt sheaths <persistence>/
1. withering <when dead>/
2. persistent and investing base of culms/

#30. Butt sheaths with <kind of dead sheath investing culm>/
1. soft dead sheaths/
2. compacted dead sheaths <not much altered>/
3. fibrous dead sheaths/

Sheaths

#31. Sheaths <relative lengths: culm nodes whether exposed>/
1. longer than the internode <nodes never exposed>/
2. shorter than the internode <nodes becoming exposed>/

SHEATH: the tubular portion of the leaf, which encloses the stem(culm).

#32. Sheaths <pubescence whether present>/
1. glabrous/
2. with trichomes/

TRICHOMES: a hair or hairlike outgrowth of the epidermis.

#33. Sheaths <pubescence>/
1. glabrescent/
2. punctiform/
3. scabrous/
4. pubescent/
5. hispid/
6. villous/

GLABRESCENT: becoming glabrous;almost glabrous;glabrate.

HISPID: rough with firm, stiff hairs.

VILLOUS:long, straight,soft hairs.

#34. Sheaths <of upper leaves on vegetative shoots,opening>/
1. closed <tubular> more than half their length/
2. open more than half their length/

State 1: see Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 2.

#35. Sheaths <longevity>/
1. conspicuous at the base of the plant, persisting for more than 1 year/
2. not conspicuous at the base of the plant/

#36. Sheaths <whether splitting when dead>/
1. splitting between the veins/
2. remaining entire, not conspicuously splitting between the veins/

See Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 1. State 1: Fig. 1. State 2: Fig. 3.

#37. Sheaths, of uppermost culm leaf <whether inflated>/
1. somewhat inflated/
2. not inflated /

The "somewhat inflated" condition was used to test a character suggested by Frederiksen (1977) to distinguish F. hyperborea. It is of limited use.

Collars and auricles

#38. Collars <pubescence>/
1. glabrous /
2. scabrous/
3. pubescent/
4. villous/

COLLAR: outside, abaxial surface of the leaf at the junction between the sheath and the blade.

GLABROUS: without trichomes.

VILLOUS: bearing dense or moderately dense, long, soft, shaggy, but not matted hairs.

#39. Auricles <presence, form>/
1. claw-like <falcate>/
2. erect swellings <usually adnate to ligule, i.e. ligules higher on the sides than in the centre>/
3. absent <the auricle positions rounded but without distinct swellings>/

AURICLE: an appendage of various shapes, often ear shaped, found at the junction of the leaf blade and sheath.

#40. Auricular cilia <presence, of long cilia on the auricles or at the auricular positions>/
1. present/
2. absent /

CILIA: Hairs forming a fringe.

#41. Auricular cilia <type>/
1. short and scabrous-like/
2. long and pilose-like/

SCARBOUS-LIKE: short and stiff.

PILOSE: bearing sparse, long, soft, straight, shaggy hairs.

Ligules

#42. Ligules <length>/
mm long/

LIGULE: the membranous projection at the junction of the sheath and blade of the leaf.

#43. Ligules <surface>/
1. glabrous /
2. scabrous/

#44. Ligules <texture>/
1. papyraceous/
2. membranous /
3. coriaceous/

PAPYRACEOUS: paper-like? not a term SUSAN uses.

MEMBRANOUS: thin, soft flexible, and more or less translucent, like a membrane.

CORIACEOUS: Leather-like.

#45. Ligules margins <pubescence>/
1. ciliate <apical hairs shorter than membrane>/
2. ciliolate <apical hair tiny and much shorter>/
3. without cilia <apical hairs absent>/

CILIATE: Hairs forming a fringe.

CILIOLATE: with a marginal fringe of minute hairs.

#46. Ligules apices <shape>/
1. entire/
2. erose/
3. lacerate/
4. toothed/

ENITIRE: not toothed, notched, or divided, as the continuous margins of some leaves.

EROSE: with the margin irregularly toothed, as if gnawed.

LACERATE: cut or cleft irregularly, as if torn.

TOOTHED: with regularly spaced and even teeth.

Leaf blades

#47. Leaf blades <texture when mature and dried>/
1. erect, stiffish/
2. more or less lax/

LEAF BLADES: the portion of the leaf above the collar and ligule.

#48. Leaf blades <outline>/
1. aciculate/
2. filiform/
3. linear/
4. lanceolate/

ACICULATE:marked as with pinpricks or needle scratches;needle-shaped.

FILIFORM:threadlike;filamentous.

LINEAR: resembling a line; long and narrow with more or less parallel sides.

LANCELOLATE: lance-shaped; much longer than wide, with the widest point below the middle.

ELLIPTIC:in the shape of an ellipse, or a narrow oval; broadest at the middle adn narrower at the two equal ends.

OBLONG: two or four times than broad with nearly parallel sides.

OVATE: egg-shaped in outline and attached at the broad end (applied to plane surface).

TRIANGULAR:three-angled.

#49. Leaf blades <shape>/
1. flat/
2. involute/
3. conduplicate/

FLAT: having a transverse section in one plane.

INVOLUTE: with margins rolled inwards. (common in Poa?).

CONDUPLICATE: folded so that the sides face each other. (More common in Festuca).

#50. <Flat> leaf blades adaxial lateral longitudinal ridges <ribs: shape>/
1. indistinctly raised/
2. distinctly raised <corrugated>/

#51. Leaf blades grooves <underlying bulliform cells?> on either side of the mid vein <number>/
1. none /
2. one/
3. more than 1/

BULLIFORM CELLS:large, thin-walled epidermal cells of the intercostal zone of the leaf blade in some members fo the grass family.

#52. Leaf blades <length>/
cm long/

#53. <Flat> leaf blades <width>/
mm wide/

#54. Leaf blades adaxial surfaces <pubescence whether present>/
1. glabrous/
2. with trichomes/

#55. Leaf blades adaxial surfaces <vestiture>/
1. glabrescent/
2. scabrous/
3. pubescent/
4. hispid/
5. villous/

#56. Leaf blades abaxial surfaces <pubescence whether present>/
1. glabrous/
2. with trichomes/

#57. Leaf blades abaxial surfaces <vestiture>/
1. glabrescent/
2. punctiform/
3. scabrous/
4. pubescent/
5. hispid/

#58. Leaf blades margins <roughness>/
1. smooth /
2. scaberulous/
3. scabrous/
4. spinulose/

#59. Leaf blades apices <shape>/
1. strongly prow tipped <abruptly acute>/
2. weakly prow tipped <acute>/
3. not prow tipped /

#60. Flag leaves blades <length>/
cm long/

FLAG LEAF: uppermost culm leaf of grasses.

#61. Flag leaves blades <length relative to sheath length>/
1. much shorter than the sheath <rudimentary>/
2. distinctly shorter than the sheath/
3. nearly equal to the sheath/
4. distinctly longer than the sheath/

Blade length/sheath length.

Leaf blade anatomy

#62. <Conduplicate> leaf blades <width>/
mm wide/

See Aiken et al. 1985, Can. J. Bot. 63: 998, Fig. 1, position 1. Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 3.

#63. <Conduplicate> leaf blades <depth>/
mm deep/

See Aiken et al. 1985, Can. J. Bot. 63:998, Fig. 1, position 2. Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 3.

#64. Veins <total number of large and small veins (vascular bundles) in the leaf blade>/

VEINS: vascular boundles in the internal anatomy of a leaf.

#65. Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands <presence>/
1. present/
2. absent/

Adaxial to abaxial sclerenchyma strands. See Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 3.

#66. Abaxial sclerenchyma <development in plicate leaves>/
1. poorly developed <usually only at the outer leaf margin and midrib, along less than 10% of the leaf surface>/
2. well developed <present opposite large bundles, always along more than 10% of the margin>/

#67. Abaxial sclerenchyma <character of strands>/
1. in narrow or discrete strands/
2. in broad bands or continuous/

#68. Ribs <number and comment on central rib and lateral ribs development>/

Use character for plicate leaves only.

Some species, such as the rough fescues and F. rubra have very strongly defined ribs. In other species, especially Arctic and alpine taxa the degree of development of the ribs appears to be somewhat related to the age of the leaf.

Inflorescences

#69. Inflorescences <type>/
1. spicate <spikelets sessile>/
2. paniculate <or spike-like panicle spikelets pedicilate> /

#70. Inflorescences <shape>/
1. linear/
2. narrowly lanceolate/
3. lanceolate/
4. broadly lanceolate/
5. pyramidal/
6. oblong/
7. ovate/

PYRAMIDAL:tetrahedral;pyramid-shaped.

#71. Inflorescences <whether open or contracted>/
1. loosely open/
2. spiciform/
3. contracted <strict, very compact, or narrow and spike-like>/

LOOSELY OPEN: with the branches spread out, with spikelets borne on longer branches that are separated so that the inflorescence is not dense. This character should be assessed when the plant is at or after anthesis; most inflorescences will likely be compact and considered dense before this time.

SPICIFORM: an inflorescence with the general appearance, but not necessarily the structure, of a true spike.

CONTRACTED: narrow inflorescences, with spikelets borne on short branches that are close together.

#72. Inflorescences <rigidity>/
1. relaxed, nodding/
2. not nodding /

#73. Inflorescences <length>/
cm long/

Measure length from the lowest node of the inflorescence to the top of the uppermost spikelet, not including the length of the awn.

#74. Inflorescences branches <length>/
cm long/

Measure length from the node to the top of the terminal spikelet on the branch, not including the length of the awn.

#75. Inflorescences lowest internodes <length>/
cm long/

Measure length from the lowest node to the second node on the inflorescence.

Inflorescences branches

#76. Inflorescences branches at the lowest nodes <number>/

#77. Inflorescences branches <stiffness>/
1. stiff/
2. flexible/
3. capillary/

#78. Inflorescences branches <deportment>/
1. appressed after anthesis <but may be spreading during anthesis>/
2. spreading after anthesis <or the lower ones reflexed>/

#79. <Number of spikelets that inflorescences branches bear>/
fertile spikelets on the longest branches/

SPIKELET: the basic unit of the inflorescence in the grasses and sedges, usually consisting of two glumes and one or more florets.

FERTILE:capable of bearing seeds;capable of bearing pollen.

#80. Inflorescences branches <whether cuneate in cross section>/
1. cuneate in cross section/
2. not cuneate in cross section /

CUNEATE:wedge-shaped, triangular and tapering to a point at the base.

#81. Inflorescences branches <branches shape in cross section>/
1. rounded in cross section/
2. angular in cross section/
3. flattened and ribbon-like/

#82. Inflorescences branches <vestiture>/
1. scabrous all over/
2. scabrous on the angles/
3. glabrous /

#83. Inflorescences branches vestiture <density>/
1. sparse/
2. moderate/
3. dense/

#84. Pedicels <length>/
mm long/

PEDICEL:the stalk of a single flower in an inflorescence, or of a grass spikelet.

Spikelets

#85. Spikelets proliferating <presence>/
1. <usually> present/
2. <usually> absent /

Considers condition where most spikelets of an inflorescence are vegetatively proliferating.

Here proliferating means vegetative shoots bearing on a spikelet.

#86. Spikelets <arrangement>/
1. loosely scattered in an open panicle with slender branches/
2. aggregated towards the ends of the branches/
3. evenly distributed along the branches/
4. lower third of the branches without spikelets/
5. lower half of the branches without spikelets/
6. lower quarter without spikelets/
7. lower 2/3 or 3/4 without spikelets/

Useful for F. subverticillata compared with F. paradoxa.

#87. Spikelets <length, excluding any awns>/
mm long/

#88. Spikelets <width at, or after, anthesis>/
mm wide/

#89. Spikelets <colour>/
1. greenish/
2. yellowish/
3. purplish/
4. brown/

STRAMINOUS: strawlike in color or texture.

#90. Spikelets <compression>/
1. not, or weakly compressed/
2. strongly compressed /

#91. Spikelets <shape>/
1. narrowly lanceolate/
2. lanceolate/
3. broadly lanceolate/

Character in original descriptions, hard to apply.

#92. Florets <number>/

Count the number of florets that have at least male or female organs.

#93. Glumes <similarity, apart from some difference in size>/
1. similar <in shape, texture, etc> /
2. dissimilar/

GLUMES: a pair of bracts usually present at the base of a spikelet.

#94. Glumes <relative length>/
1. subequal/
2. unequal /

#95. Glumes <texture>/
1. membranous/
2. herbaceous /
3. subcoriaceous/

MEMBRANOUS: thin, soft flexible, and more or less translucent, like a membrane.

SUBCORIACEOUS: like soft but firm leather, green or purple.

HERBACEOUS: thin, soft, flexible and usually green.

#96. Glumes <surface pubescence whether present>/
1. glabrous/
2. with trichomes <scaberulous or puberulent>/

#97. Glumes surfaces <vestiture>/
1. punctate/
2. scaberulous/
3. scabrous/
4. pubescent/

PUNCTATE: dotted with pits or with translucent,sunken glands or with colored dots.

#98. Glumes vestiture <position>/
1. on the veins/
2. between the veins/
3. at the apex/
4. over most of the outer surface/

#99. Glumes margins <whether ciliate>/
1. ciliate/
2. ciliolate/
3. not ciliate/

#100. Glumes margins <texture>/
1. broadly membranous/
2. narrowly membranous/
3. not membranous/

#101. Glumes apices <shape>/
1. accuminate/
2. acute/
3. obtuse/

#102. First glume <shape>/
1. linear/
2. narrowly lanceolate/
3. lanceolate/
4. broadly lanceolate/
5. oblong/
6. ovate/

FIRST GLUME: the lower of the pair of bracts usually present at the base of the spikelet.

#103. First glume <length>/
mm long/

#104. First glume <width>/
mm wide <at middle point>/

#105. First glume <mid-zone vein number>/
nerved/

NERVED: Position of an underlying vascular bundle.

#106. First glume/
<length as fraction> as long as second glume/

SECOND GLUME: the upper of the pair of bracts usually present at the base of the spikelet.

#107. Second glume <shape>/
1. linear/
2. narrowly lanceolate/
3. lanceolate/
4. broadly lanceolate/
5. oblong/
6. ovate/

SECOND GLUME: the upper of the pair of bracts usually present at the base of the spikelet.

#108. Second glume <length>/
mm long/

#109. Second glume <width>/
mm wide <at middle point>/

#110. Second glume <mid-zone vein number>/
nerved/

#111. Second glume <length relative to first lemma>/
1. shorter than first lemma/
2. similar in length to first lemma/

LEMMA: the lowermost of the two bracts enclosing the flower in the grass floret.

#112. Second glume/
<length as fraction> as long as the spikelets/

Rachilla

#113. Rachilla internodes <length>/
mm long/

#114. Rachilla internodes <vestiture>/
1. glabrous <or nearly so>/
2. antrorsely scabrous/
3. pubescent/
4. hispidulous/
5. pilose/

#115. Rachilla internodes <compression>/
1. flattened/
2. cylindrical/
3. angular/

#116. Rachilla internodes <thickening>/
1. narrow/
2. thickened/
3. clavate/

CLAVATE:club-shaped, gradually widening toward the apex.

#117. Rachilla internodes <alignment>/
1. straight/
2. curved/
3. zigzag/

Lemma

#118. Lemmas callus <whether elongated>/
1. elongated with a tuft of stiff hairs at the base/
2. not elongated /

Character refers to elongated lemma callus of F. subuliflora.

#119. Lemmas <length>/
mm long/

Data refer to the second lemma in the spikelet.

#120. Lemmas <shape>/
1. lanceolate/
2. broadly lanceolate/
3. ovate/

LANCEOLATE: lance-shaped; much longer than wide, with the widest point below the middle.

OVATE: egg-shaped in outline and attached at the broad end (applied to plane surface).

#121. Lemmas <texture>/
1. membranous/
2. herbaceous/
3. subcoriaceous /

MEMBRANOUS: thin, soft flexible, and more or less translucent, like a membrane.

HERBACEOUS: thin, soft, flexible and usually green.

SUBCORIACEOUS: like soft but firm leather, green or purple.

#122. Lemmas <keel shape at mid point>/
1. strongly compressed with a distinct keel/
2. weakly keeled /
3. somewhat dorsally compressed /
4. rounded on the back /

KEEL: a prominent longitudinal ridge, like the keel of a boat.

KEELED:ridged,like the keel of a boat.

#123. Lemmas <mid-zone> veins <number>/

#124. Lemmas <venation>/
1. with distinct veins in dorsal view/
2. nerveless in dorsal view or sometimes with only the centre vein distinct/

#125. Lemmas <surface pubescence whether presence>/
1. glabrous/
2. with trichomes/

#126. Lemmas <surface vestiture>/
1. punctiform/
2. scabrous/
3. pubescent/
4. villous/

#127. Lemmas trichomes <vestiture position>/
1. on the upper portion/
2. over the entire surface/

#128. Lemmas margins <roughness>/
1. smooth /
2. scaberulous/
3. scabrous/
4. spinulose/
5. tuberculate/

SCABERULOUS:scaberulose;slightly rough to the touch,due to the structure of the epidermal cells,or to the presence of short stiff hairs.

SPINULOSE: bearing a small spine.

TUBERCULATE: of or pertaining to tubercles or small bumps;tuberclelike.

#129. Lemmas upper margins <whether membranous>/
1. broadly membranous/
2. narrowly membranous/
3. not membranous/

Lemma apex and awns

#130. Lemmas apices <shape>/
1. entire /
2. notched <bifid, or apically cleft>/
3. erose/

ENTIRE: not toothed, notched, or divided, the margin is continuous.

CLEFT: bifid;notched;with a V-shape at the apex.

EROSE: with the margin irregularly toothed, as if gnawed.

#131. Lemmas apices <shape>/
1. obtuse/
2. acute/
3. accuminate/
4. attenuate/
5. apiculate/

ATTENUATE:tapering gradually to a narrow tip or base.

APICULATE: ending abruptly in a small, slender point.

#132. Lemmas apices awns <presence>/
1. present /
2. absent/

AWN: a substantial hair or bristle, usually at the tip or dorsal surface.

#133. Lemmas apices awns <length>/
mm long/

#134. Lemmas apices awns <relative length>/
1. much shorter than the lemmas/
2. about as long as the lemmas/
3. much longer than the lemmas/

Palea

#135. Paleas <length>/
mm long/

PALEA: the uppermost of the two bracts enclosing the flower in the grass floret.

#136. Paleas <width>/
mm apart/

#137. Paleas <female-fertile, relative size>/
1. equal or subequal to the lemmas <three-quarters or more of female-fertile lemma length> /
2. conspicuous but relatively short <less than three-quarters of female-fertile lemma length>/
3. very reduced <or vestigial>/

#138. Paleas keels <vestiture>/
1. glabrous/
2. scaberulous/
3. scabrous/

KEEL: position of underlying vascular-bundles. There are usually two keels per palea.

#139. Paleas inter-keel regions <vestiture>/
1. glabrous/
2. punctiform/
3. scabrous/
4. puberulent/
5. pubescent/
6. aculeate/

See Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 4. State 1: Figs. 1–3. State 2: Figs. 4–6.

ACULEATE:prickly;covered with prickles.

#140. Paleas <whether adhering to the fruit>/
1. adhering to the fruit/
2. not adhering to the fruit /

#141. Lemmas and paleas <whether becoming indurate>/
1. becoming indurate/
2. not becoming indurate /

INDURATE:hardened.

Lodicules

#142. Lodicules <teeth>/
1. with <one or more> marginal teeth/
2. without marginal teeth/

State 1: see Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 5, Fig. 5.

LODICULES:paired,rudimentary scales at the base of ovary.

#143. Lodicules <whether ciliate>/
1. glabrous/
2. ciliate <i.e. with one or more marginal cilia>/

State 2: see Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 5, Fig. 5.

#144. Lodicules <length>/
mm long/

Anthers

#145. Anthers <length>/
mm long/

ANTHER:the expanded,apical,pollen bearing portion of the stamen.

Ovary apex

#146. Ovary apices <of female-fertile florets, whether glabrous or hairy>/
1. glabrous/
2. hairy/

See Aiken and Darbyshire 1990, Plate 5. State 1: Fig. 1. State 2: Figs. 2–5.

OVARY: the portion of the female organs of a flower that contains the ovules (immature seeds).

#147. Ovary hairs <density>/
1. sparse <1–3 hairs>/
2. moderate <4–8 hairs>/
3. dense <more than 8 hairs>/

#148. Styles arising <position>/
1. towards the outer margins of the ovary /
2. towards the centre of the ovary/

Fruit

#149. Fruits <caryopsis> <length>/
mm long/

FRUIT: a ripened ovary and any other structures that are attached and ripen with it. In grasses a CARYOPSIS: that is a dry and indehiscent.

#150. Hilums <form>/
1. short <punctiform or shortly elliptical, less than half length of fruit>/
2. short-linear <less than half as long as fruit>/
3. long-linear <more than half as long as the fruit> /

HILUM: a scar indicating the point of attachment of the ovary in grasses.

Cytology

#151. <Cytology> 2n =/

Flowering time

#152. Flowering time/

Habitat

#153. <Habitat>/
1. arctic/
2. alpine/
3. forest or woodland/
4. rangeland or steppe /
5. meadows/
6. wet habitats/

#154. <Habitat from the account>/

#155. Elevation <range>/
m/

Distribution in China

#156. <China: distribution>/
1. Anhui/
2. Fujian/
3. Gansu/
4. Guangdong/
5. Guangxi/
6. Guizhou/
7. Hainan/
8. Hebei/
9. Heilongjiang/
10. Henan/
11. Hubei/
12. Hunan/
13. Jiangsu/
14. Jiangxi/
15. Jilin/
16. Liaoning/
17. Nei Mongol/
18. Ningxia/
19. Qinghai/
20. Shaanxi/
21. Shandong/
22. Shanxi/
23. Sichuan/
24. Taiwan/
25. Xinjiang/
26. Xizang/
27. Yunnan/
28. Zhejiang/

#157. <China: large area distribution>/
1. <Northwestern China>/
2. <Southwestern China>/
3. <Northern China>/
4. <Central China>/
5. <Southern China>/
6. <Northeastern China>/
7. <Eastern China>/

#158. Northwestern China: <distribution>/
1. Shaanxi/
2. Gansu/
3. Qinghai/
4. Ningxia/
5. Xinjiang/

#159. Southwestern China: <distribution>/
1. Sichuan/
2. Yunnan/
3. Guizhou/
4. Xizang/

#160. Northern China: <distribution>/
1. Hebei/
2. Shanxi/
3. Nei Mongol/

#161. Central China: <distribution>/
1. Henan/
2. Hubei/
3. Hunan/

#162. Southern China: <distribution>/
1. Guangdong/
2. Guangxi/
3. Hainan/
4. Taiwan/

#163. Northeastern China: <distribution>/
1. Heilongjiang/
2. Jilin/
3. Liaoning/

#164. Eastern China: <distribution>/
1. Jiangsu/
2. Zhejiang/
3. Anhui/
4. Fujian/
5. Jiangxi/
6. Shandong/

Distribution in North America

#165. <Country (within North America)>/
1. Greenland/
2. <Canada>/
3. <United States>/

#166. <USA: distribution>/
1. <Northwestern USA>/
2. <Southwestern USA>/
3. <Rocky Mountains USA>/
4. <North Central USA>/
5. <South Central USA>/
6. <Northeastern USA>/
7. <Southeastern USA>/

#167. Canada: <distribution>/
1. Labrador/
2. Nfld. <Newfoundland>/
3. N.S. <Nova Scotia>/
4. P.E.I. <Prince Edward Island>/
5. NB <New Brunswick>/
6. Que. <Quebec>/
7. Ont. <Ontario>/
8. Man. <Manitoba>/
9. Sask. <Saskatchewan>/
10. Alta. <Alberta>/
11. B.C. <British Columbia>/
12. Franklin District (NWT)/
13. Keewatin District (NWT)/
14. Mackenzie District (NWT)/
15. Yukon/

#168. Northwestern USA: <distribution>/
1. Alaska/
2. Oreg. <Oregon>/
3. Wash. <Washington>/

#169. Southwestern USA: <distribution>/
1. Ariz. <Arizona>/
2. Calif. <California>/
3. Nev. <Nevada>/

#170. Rocky Mountains USA: <distribution>/
1. Colo. <Colorado>/
2. Idaho <Idaho>/
3. Mont. <Montana>/
4. Utah <Utah>/
5. Wyo. <Wyoming>/

#171. North Central USA: <distribution>/
1. Iowa/
2. Ill. <Illinois>/
3. Kansas/
4. Minn. <Minnesota>/
5. Mo. <Missouri>/
6. Nebr. <Nebraska>/
7. N. Dak. <North Dakota>/
8. Okla. <Oklahoma>/
9. S. Dak. <South Dakota>/
10. Wis. <Wisconsin>/

#172. South Central USA: <distribution>/
1. N. Mex. <New Mexico>/
2. Tex. <Texas>/

#173. Northeastern USA: <distribution>/
1. Conn. <Connecticut>/
2. Ind. <Indiana>/
3. Mass. <Massachusetts>/
4. Maine <Maine>/
5. Mich. <Michigan>/
6. N.H. <New Hampshire>/
7. N.J. <New Jersey>/
8. N.Y. <New York>/
9. Ohio/
10. Pa. <Pennsylvania>/
11. R.I. <Rhode Island>/
12. Vt. <Vermont>/

#174. Southeastern USA: <distribution>/
1. Ala. <Alabama>/
2. Ark. <Arkansas>/
3. Del. <Delaware>/
4. Fla. <Florida>/
5. Ga. <Georgia>/
6. Ky. <Kentucky>/
7. La. <Louisiana>/
8. Md. <Maryland>/
9. Miss <Mississippi>/
10. N.C. <North Carolina>/
11. S.C. <South Carolina>/
12. Tenn. <Tennessee>/
13. Va. <Virginia>/
14. W.Va <West Virginia>/

Distribution in the world

#175. Continental distribution/
1. Europe/
2. Africa/
3. Temperate Asia/
4. Tropical Asia/
5. Australasia/
6. Pacific/
7. North America/
8. South America/
9. Antarctica/

#176. Europe: <regional distribution - TDWG scheme>/
1. Northern/
2. Central/
3. Southwestern/
4. Southeastern/
5. Eastern/

#177. Africa: <regional distribution>/
1. North/
2. Macaronesia/
3. West tropical/
4. West-central tropical/
5. Northeast tropical/
6. East tropical/
7. Southern tropical/
8. South/
9. Middle Atlantic ocean/
10. Western Indian ocean/

#178. Asia-temperate: <regional distribution>/
1. Siberia/
2. Soviet far east/
3. Soviet Middle Asia/
4. Caucasus/
5. western Asia/
6. Arabia/
7. China/
8. Mongolia/
9. eastern Asia/

#179. Asia-tropical: <regional distribution>/
1. India/
2. Indo-China/
3. Malesia/
4. North Indian ocean/

#180. Australasia: <regional distribution>/
1. Australia/
2. New Zealand/

#181. Pacific: <regional distribution>/
1. southwestern/
2. south-central/
3. northwestern/
4. north-central/

#182. North America: <regional distribution>/
1. subarctic/
2. western Canada/
3. eastern Canada/
4. Northwest USA/
5. North-central USA/
6. Northeast USA/
7. Southwest USA/
8. South-central USA/
9. Southeast USA/
10. Mexico/

#183. South America: <regional distribution>/
1. Mesoamericana/
2. Caribbean/
3. northern South America/
4. western South America/
5. Brazil/
6. southern South America/

Whether introduced

#184. <Whether introduced to North America>/
1. native to North America /
2. introduced to North America/

#185. <Status of introductions to North America>/
1. naturalized /
2. cultivated crop/
3. cultivated ornamental/
4. limited, probably accidental introduction/
5. grown experimentally, but not extensively/

Abundance

#186. <Frequency of occurrence in North America>/
1. rare/
2. occasional/
3. frequent/
4. common/
5. abundant/

Notes

#187. <Full nomenclatural/taxonomic comments>/

#188. <Brief nomenclatural/taxonomic comments>/

Metadata

#189. <Working comments>/

#190. <Whether accepted in this study>/
1. accepted/
2. not accepted <or a synonym>/
3. under consideration <or insufficient materials> /

#191. <Occurrence in China and North America>/
1. China/
2. North America/

#192. Taxonomic level:/
1. species or below /
2. subgenus or section/

#193. <15-letter abbreviated name>/

#194. <4-letter abbreviated name>/

#195. Code used for graphic files:/

#196. <Illustrations>/

Code used to indicate subject of image:

A = anatomy

B = black and white drawing

E = environment or habitat

C = close up of plant

F = flower

I = inflorescence

L = leaf or leaves

M = map

P = plate, where more than one picture is combined into a plate

R = roots

S = herbarium specimen

T = type specimen

U = fruit

X = cimage graphic

#197. Data <resources>/
1. original description checked/
2. original description requested/
3. type specimen analysed/
4. herbarium specimen analysed/
5. from "account"/

#198. Date data recorded/

Cite this publication as: ‘Xiang Chen, S.G. Aiken, and M.J. Dallwitz (2002 onwards). Festuca of China: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval. Version: 4th February 2003. http://www.cdelta.ibcas.ac.cn’.

Index